[fusion_builder_container type=”flex” hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” align_content=”stretch” flex_align_items=”flex-start” flex_justify_content=”flex-start” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” container_tag=”div” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” border_style=”solid” box_shadow=”no” box_shadow_blur=”0″ box_shadow_spread=”0″ gradient_start_position=”0″ gradient_end_position=”100″ gradient_type=”linear” radial_direction=”center center” linear_angle=”180″ background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ background_blend_mode=”none” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” absolute=”off” absolute_devices=”small,medium,large” sticky=”off” sticky_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_transition_offset=”0″ scroll_offset=”0″ animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″ background_color=”var(–awb-color2)”][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=”1_1″ type=”1_1″ align_self=”flex-start” content_layout=”column” align_content=”flex-start” valign_content=”flex-start” content_wrap=”wrap” center_content=”no” target=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” order_medium=”0″ order_small=”0″ hover_type=”none” border_style=”solid” box_shadow=”no” box_shadow_blur=”0″ box_shadow_spread=”0″ background_type=”single” gradient_start_position=”0″ gradient_end_position=”100″ gradient_type=”linear” radial_direction=”center center” linear_angle=”180″ background_position=”left top” background_repeat=”no-repeat” background_blend_mode=”none” filter_type=”regular” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″ animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ last=”no” border_position=”all” padding_right=”100″ padding_left=”100″ background_color=”var(–awb-color1)” margin_bottom=”93px” min_height=”” link=””][fusion_title title_type=”text” rotation_effect=”bounceIn” display_time=”1200″ highlight_effect=”circle” loop_animation=”off” highlight_width=”9″ highlight_top_margin=”0″ title_link=”off” link_target=”_self” content_align=”left” size=”1″ text_shadow=”no” text_shadow_blur=”0″ gradient_font=”no” gradient_start_position=”0″ gradient_end_position=”100″ gradient_type=”linear” radial_direction=”center center” linear_angle=”180″ style_type=”default” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky”]

Glossary

[/fusion_title][fusion_accordion border_size=”1″ icon_size=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” type=”toggles” fusion_font_variant_title_font=”var(–awb-typography2)” fusion_font_family_title_font=”var(–awb-typography2-font-family)” title_font_size=”20″][fusion_toggle title=”Cervical SpineCervical Spine C1 - C7The cervical spine (neck region) consists of seven bones (C1-C7 vertebrae), which are separated from one another by intervertebral discs. These discs allow the spine to move freely and act as shock absorbers during activity. C1 – C7″ open=”no”]

The cervical spine (neck region) consists of seven bones (C1-C7 vertebrae), which are separated from one another by intervertebral discs. These discs allow the spine to move freely and act as shock absorbers during activity.

[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Definitive airway” open=”no”]

Establishing a definitive airwayEstablishing a definitive airway is defined as placement of an ETT or tracheostomy tube in the trachea with cuff inflated below the vocal cords. Relative to the ETT, the LMA is more prone to displacement and malposition. As such, it does not provide definitive airway security in terms of placement or dependable ventilation. is defined as placement of an ETT in the trachea with cuff inflated below the vocal cords. Relative to the ETT, the LMA is more prone to displacement and malposition. As such, it does not provide definitive airway security in terms of placement or dependable ventilation.

[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Encased by protective cartilages the larynxEncased by protective cartilages the larynx houses the vestibular fold and vocal (true) cords. The larynx represents the merger point between the upper airway and trachea. houses the vestibular fold and vocal (true) cords. The larynx represents the merger point between the upper airway and trachea.” open=”no”]

Encased by protective cartilages the larynx houses the vestibular fold and vocal (true) cords. The larynx represents the merger point between the upper airway and trachea.

[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Epiglottis” open=”no”]

the epiglottisThe epiglottis is a flap of cartilage behind the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe. is a flap of cartilage behind the root of the tongueThe tongue is anchored to the mouth by webs of tough tissue and mucosa. In the back of the mouth, the tongue is anchored into the hyoid bone., which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.

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The hypopharynxThe hypopharynx forms the final section of the pharynx before it merges with the oesophagus. forms the final section of the pharynxThe pharynx, commonly called the throat, is a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. It serves both the respiratory and digestive systems by receiving air from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water from the oral cavity. before it merges with the oesophagus. 

[fusion_image_before_after type=”” before_image=”https://edu.paperscalpelrock.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Upper-Airway-Hypopharynx.png” before_image_id=”2187|full” before_label=”” after_image=”https://edu.paperscalpelrock.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/LMA_Inserted-Hypopharynx.png” after_image_id=”3343|full” after_label=”” font_size=”” accent_color=”” label_placement=”” transition_time=”” link=”” target=”_self” handle_type=”” handle_color=”” handle_bg=”” offset=”” orientation=”” handle_movement=”” max_width=”600″ bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][/fusion_image_before_after] [/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Interincisor distance” open=”no”]

Distance between the upper and lower incisors.

[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Laryngopharynx” open=”no”]

Bound superiorly by the epiglottis and inferiorly by the junction between the glottic inlet and oesophagus.

[fusion_image_before_after type=”” before_image=”https://edu.paperscalpelrock.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Upper-Airway-Laryngopharynx.png” before_image_id=”2476|full” before_label=”” after_image=”https://edu.paperscalpelrock.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/LMA_Inserted-Laryngopharynx.jpg” after_image_id=”3344|full” after_label=”” font_size=”” accent_color=”” label_placement=”” transition_time=”” link=”” target=”_self” handle_type=”” handle_color=”” handle_bg=”” offset=”” orientation=”” handle_movement=”” max_width=”600″ bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][/fusion_image_before_after] [/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Larynx (Laryngeal InletThe laryngeal inlet (entrance of the larynx) is a triangular opening, wide in front, narrow behind, and sloping obliquely downward and backward.)” open=”no”]

Encased by protective cartilages the larynx houses the vestibular fold and vocal (true) cords. The larynx represents the merger point between the upper airway and trachea.

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[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Nasopharynx” open=”no”]

The nasopharynx lies behind the nasal cavity and above the soft palateThe palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. and communicates with the oropharynxThe oropharynx is bordered by the soft palate superiorly and base of the tongue inferiorly. through the pharyngeal isthmus, which becomes closed off during the act of swallowing.

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The oesophagus is the hollow tube that leads from the throat (pharynx) to the stomach.

[fusion_image_before_after type=”” before_image=”https://edu.paperscalpelrock.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Upper-Airway-Oesophagus.png” before_image_id=”2191|full” before_label=”” after_image=”https://edu.paperscalpelrock.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/LMA-Inserted-Oesophagus.png” after_image_id=”2505|full” after_label=”” font_size=”” accent_color=”” label_placement=”” transition_time=”” link=”” target=”_self” handle_type=”” handle_color=”” handle_bg=”” offset=”” orientation=”” handle_movement=”” max_width=”600″ bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][/fusion_image_before_after] [/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Oropharyngeal leak pressure” open=”no”]

Oropharyngeal leak pressureOropharyngeal leak pressureOropharyngeal leak pressure (OLP), measured by closing the expiratory valve of the anesthetic circle system at a fixed gas flow rate and noting the equilibrium airway pressure, is used to quantify the efficacy of airway sealing in SGA devices. (OLP), measured by closing the expiratory valve of the anesthetic circle system at a fixed gas flow rate and noting the equilibrium airway pressure, is used to quantify the efficacy of airway sealing in SGA devices.

[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Oral Cavity” open=”no”]The oral cavityThe oral cavity is bounded anteriorly by the lips, laterally by the cheeks, superiorly by the hard palate, and inferiorly by the mucosa covering the superior surface of the tongue and the sheet of muscles attaching to the inner side of the mandible. is bounded anteriorly by the lips, laterally by the cheeks, superiorly by the hard palate and inferiorly by the mucosa covering the superior surface of the tongue.
[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Oropharynx” open=”no”]

The oropharynx is bordered by the soft palate superiorly and base of the tongue inferiorly.

[fusion_image_before_after type=”” before_image=”https://edu.paperscalpelrock.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Upper-Airway-Oropharynx.png” before_image_id=”2193|full” before_label=”” after_image=”https://edu.paperscalpelrock.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/LMA_Inserted-Oropharynx.jpg” after_image_id=”678|full” after_label=”” font_size=”” accent_color=”” label_placement=”” transition_time=”” link=”” target=”_self” handle_type=”” handle_color=”” handle_bg=”” offset=”” orientation=”” handle_movement=”” max_width=”600″ bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][/fusion_image_before_after] [/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Palate” open=”no”]

The palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.

[fusion_image_before_after type=”” before_image=”https://edu.paperscalpelrock.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Upper-Airway-Palate.png” before_image_id=”2488|full” before_label=”” after_image=”https://edu.paperscalpelrock.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/LMA-Inserted-Palate.png” after_image_id=”2486|full” after_label=”” font_size=”” accent_color=”” label_placement=”” transition_time=”” link=”” target=”_self” handle_type=”” handle_color=”” handle_bg=”” offset=”” orientation=”” handle_movement=”” max_width=”600″ bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=””][/fusion_image_before_after] [/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Palatopharyngeal Curve” open=”no”]

Part of the palatopharyngeal curveThe Palatopharyngeal curve is made up of the following structures:
• Hard palate
• Soft palate
• Posterior oropharyngeal wall
• Posterior laryngopharyngeal wall
where the backplate or posterior of an LMA abuts when in situ.

[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Pharynx” open=”no”]

The pharynx, commonly called the throat, is a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. It serves both the respiratory and digestive systems by receiving air from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water from the oral cavity.

[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Pyriform Fosa” open=”no”]

The pyriform sinus (also spelled piriform sinus and also known as the pyriform recess, pyriform fossaLaryngoscopic View The pyriform sinus (also spelled piriform sinus and also known as the pyriform recess, pyriform fossa, and smuggler's fossa) is the pear-shaped subsite of the hypopharynx located posterolaterally to either side of the laryngeal opening., and smuggler’s fossa) is the pear-shaped subsite of the hypopharynx

The hypopharynx forms the final section of the pharynx before it merges with the oesophagus.

 located posterolaterally to either side of the laryngeal opening.

[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle title=”Primary and Secondary Seal” open=”no”]

Bound superiorly by the epiglottis and inferiorly by the junction between the glottic inlet and oesophagus, the laryngopharynxBound superiorly by the epiglottis and inferiorly by the junction between the glottic inlet and oesophagus. typically contains the bulk of the LMA mask. The mask’s bowl aligns with the laryngeal inlet, while the lateral aspects of the cuff abut the pyriform fossa forming an airtight seal. This seal is called the primary seal. The distal cuff tip should occupy the entire hypopharynx forming an oesophagealThe oesophagus is the hollow tube that leads from the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. seal to protect the laryngeal inlet from aspiration from below. This oesophageal seal is also known as the secondary sealPrimary and Secondary SealBound superiorly by the epiglottis and inferiorly by the junction between the glottic inlet and oesophagus, the laryngopharynx typically contains the bulk of the LMA mask. The mask’s bowl aligns with the laryngeal inlet, while the lateral aspects of the cuff abut the pyriform fossa forming an airtight seal. This seal is called the primary seal. The distal cuff tip should occupy the entire hypopharynx forming an oesophageal seal to protect the laryngeal inlet from aspiration from below. This oesophageal seal is also known as the secondary seal.. 

[/fusion_toggle][fusion_toggle open=”no” title=”Tongue”]

The tongue is anchored to the mouth by webs of tough tissue and mucosa. In the back of the mouth, the tongue is anchored into the hyoid bone.

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